A novel web-based 24-h dietary recall tool in line with the Nova food processing classification: description and evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: This paper describes the first web-based self-completed 24-h recall designed to categorise food intake according to Nova groups - Nova24h - and its agreement with a reference tool in estimating the dietary relative contribution of the four Nova food groups (% of total energy intake). DESIGN: Comparisons of estimates of dietary relative contributions of Nova groups obtained by Nova24h and one standard interviewer-led 24-h recall. SETTING: Nationwide adult cohort study in Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: The subjects were 186 participants of the NutriNet Brasil Cohort Study (n 186). RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed between the Nova24h and the reference tool mean contributions of unprocessed or minimally processed foods (52·3 % v. 52·6 %), processed culinary ingredients (11·6 % v. 11·9 %), processed foods (17·1 % v. 14·7 %) and ultra-processed foods (19·0 % v. 20·9 %). Intraclass correlation coefficients between individual estimates obtained for each Nova group showed moderate to good agreement (0·54-0·78). Substantial or almost perfect agreement between the tools was seen regarding the ability to rank participants according to quintiles of contribution of each Nova group (PABAK 0·69-0·81). CONCLUSIONS: Nova24h is a suitable tool for estimating the dietary relative energy contribution of Nova food groups in the NutriNet Brasil cohort. New studies are necessary to verify its adequacy in other populations.

Is the adherence to the food practices recommended by the dietary guidelines for the Brazilian population associated with diet quality?

PURPOSE: The Brazilian Food Guide (BFG)'s messages are mostly qualitative and focused on food practices, such as meal planning, cooking, and eating modes. This study sough to investigate whether the adherence to these food practices is aligned with diet quality. METHODS: A quota-based subsample of the NutriNet-Brasil Cohort (n = 2052) completed the Food Practices Brazil Scale (FPBr), a 24-item scale assessing the adherence to healthy eating practices recommended by the BFG. Four possible frequency-based answers are given and a score ranging from 0 to 72 is calculated by summing them (FPBr-score). Data from web-based 24-h recalls were used for calculating the usual percentage of energy intake (%energy) of ten food groups based on the level of food processing: plant-based unprocessed or minimally processed foods; processed foods; ultra-processed foods; fruits; vegetables; whole grains; beans and other legumes; nuts; red meat; and table sugar. The association between quartiles of the FPBr-score and food groups' %energy was analysed through crude and adjusted linear regression models. RESULTS: Except for red meat, all the other food groups were linearly associated with the FPBr-score in the expected direction. For example, adjusted means for the %energy of plant-based unprocessed or minimally processed foods were 26.7% (CI95% 25.9-27.5) and 36.8% (CI95% 36.0-37.6) among those classified in the first and fourth quartiles of the FPBr-score, respectively. For ultra-processed foods, these percentages were 27.0 (CI95% 26.3-27.8) against 17.5 (CI95% 16.7-18.3). CONCLUSIONS: These results support the use of messages based on practices and behaviors in Food-Based Dietary Guidelines. At the same time, they call attention to the importance of policies that enable people to adopt healthier food practices.

Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira: Implementação e potencial impacto na qualidade da alimentação da população / Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population: implementation and potential impact on the diet quality of the population

Introdução: A 2ª edição do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira (2014) (Guia) foi considerada inovadora por adotar uma perspectiva ampliada de alimentação e saúde e apresentar recomendações não quantitativas, endereçando práticas alimentares. Após quase 10 anos, avaliar seu potencial impacto na alimentação da população pode ser importante para subsidiar o direcionamento de novas ações de implementação. Objetivos: Analisar a implementação do Guia e seu potencial de impactar a qualidade da alimentação da população. Específicos: a) Analisar as estratégias adotadas no Brasil para implementar as recomendações do Guia; b) Avaliar a validade convergente e a invariância de uma escala de adesão às práticas alimentares recomendadas pelo Guia; c) Verificar se a adesão a essas práticas está associada a um consumo alimentar de melhor qualidade; d) Investigar a associação entre o conhecimento em alimentação segundo o nível de processamento e a adesão às práticas. Métodos: Uma revisão da literatura científica e de documentos oficiais sobre a implementação de Guias Alimentares orientou a construção de um modelo conceitual e análise da implementação do Guia brasileiro. Os objetivos específicos b, c e d foram alcançados por meio de análises conduzidas com dados do estudo NutriNet-Brasil, do qual foi recrutada uma sub-amostra (n=2145) baseada em cotas de sexo, região e escolaridade. Indivíduos foram notificados para responder uma escala que mede a adesão às práticas alimentares recomendadas pelo Guia, que foi validada no estudo (b) e utilizada nos estudos (c) e (d). Análises: O escore nessa escala (eGuia) foi comparado a escores de consumo de alimentos in natura e minimamente processados (eG1) e alimentos ultraprocessados (eG4). Empregou-se análise fatorial confirmatória com múltiplos grupos para avaliar a invariância segundo sexo, idade e escolaridade (b). A partir de recordatórios de 24h, calculou-se o percentual usual de ingestão de energia de dez grupos alimentares abordados no Guia. A associação entre o eGuia e o %energia de cada grupo foi analisada por meio de regressão linear (c). Como medida do conhecimento em alimentação segundo o nível de processamento, foi utilizado um instrumento que identifica se os participantes reconhecem os alimentos ultraprocessados como não saudáveis. A associação entre o escore de conhecimento e o eGuia foi testada por meio de regressão linear (d). Resultados: Verificou-se que a implementação do Guia se deu, majoritariamente via ações de disseminação das mensagens (a). Os participantes do Nutrinet incluídos neste estudo tinham, em média, 39 anos, sendo 53% mulheres. As correlações entre o eGuia, eG1 e eG4, bem como a variação dos índices de ajuste na análise de invariância, indicaram validade convergente e equivalência da medida entre subgrupos das características estudadas (b). Exceto para carne vermelha, todos os outros grupos alimentares mostraram uma associação linear com o eGuia na direção esperada (c). Para cada um ponto de aumento de conhecimento, o eGuia aumentou, em média, 0,6 pontos. Considerações finais: As recomendações do Guia brasileiro baseadas em práticas alimentares parecem ser adequadas enquanto mensagens de promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável, visto que estão associadas a uma dieta de melhor qualidade. Aumentar o conhecimento da alimentação dos indivíduos sobre o processamento de alimentos pode levar a um aumento da adesão a essas práticas. No entanto, mais políticas públicas baseadas no Guia são necessárias para ampliar a adesão da população brasileira a essas recomendações.

Introduction: The 2nd edition of the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population (2014) (Guide) was considered innovative for adopting a broad perspective on nutrition and health and presenting non-quantitative recommendations addressing dietary practices. Nearly 10 years after its publication, evaluating its potential impact on the population's diet is important to orient new implementation actions. Objectives: To analyze the implementation of the Guide and its potential to impact the quality of the population's diet. Specific objectives: a) to analyse the strategies adopted in Brazil to implement the Guide' recommendations; b) to evaluate the convergent validity and invariance of a scale measuring adherence to dietary practices recommended by the Guide; c) to investigate whether adherence to these food practices recommended by the Guide is associated with diet quality; and, d) to investigate the association between nutrition knowledge based on food processing level and adherence to those dietary practices. Methods: A review of scientific literature and official documents on the implementation of Food-Based Dietary Guidelines informed the construction of a conceptual model and analysis of the implementation of the Brazilian Guidelines. Specific objectives b, c, and d were achieved through analyses conducted using data from the NutriNet-Brasil study, from which a sub-sample (n = 2,145) based on sex, macro-region, and education level quotas was recruited. Participants were asked to complete a scale measuring the adherence to dietary practices recommended by the Guide, which was validated in the study (b) and used in studies (c) and (d). Analyses: The score on this scale (eGuide) was compared to scores of consumption of minimally processed foods (eG1) and ultra-processed foods (eG4). Confirmatory factor analysis with multiple groups was used to assess invariance across sex, age, and education level (b). Based on 24-hour recalls, the usual percentage of energy intake from ten food groups encompassed in the Guide was calculated (%energy). The association between the eGuide and the %energy from each group was analyzed through linear regression (c). An instrument that identifies whether respondents recognize ultra-processed foods as unhealthy was used to measure food processing knowledge. The association between the food knowledge score and eGuide was tested through linear regression (d). Results: The implementation of the Guide primarily occurred through dissemination actions (a). Participants in the NutriNet study included in this study had an average age of 39, with 53% being women. The correlations between eGuide, eG1, and eG4, as well as the variation in fit indices in the invariance analysis, indicated convergent validity and measurement equivalence across subgroups of the studied characteristics (b). Except for red meat, all the other food groups showed a linear association with the eGuide in the expected direction (c). For each 1-point increase in food knowledge, eGuide increased by 0.6 points, in average. Closing remarks: The Guide's recommendations based on dietary practices appear to be appropriate as healthy eating promotion messages, as they are associated with a higher-quality diet. Increasing individuals' knowledge about food processing may lead to increased adherence to these practices. However, additional public policies based on the Guidelines are needed to enhance the population's adherence to these recommendations.

Adequacy of the content on infant feeding on popular websites regarding the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Brazilian children under 2 years of age / Adequação do conteúdo sobre alimentação de lactentes em websites populares quanto às recomendações do Guia alimentar para crianças brasileiras menores de 2 anos

Abstract Objectives: to verify the adequacy of recommendations on food and nutrition for infants available on popular websites in relation to the "Twelve Steps for a Healthy Diet" from the Dietary guidelines for Brazilian children under 2 years of age. Methods: popular websites were searched via the Google platform to collect data about food recommendations for children under 2 years of age. The data was categorized according to criteria developed with the Guide: totally agree, partially agree, disagree, contradictory and absent. The websites were described according to the frequency of each step and the distribution in the categories. Results: 82 websites were included. Most frequent steps: 1 (84.1%), 2 (82.9%) and 4 (63.4%); least present: 8 (23.2%), 10 (19.5%), 11 (3.7%) and 12 (1.2%). The highest percentages of adequacy in relation to the Guide were steps 1 and 4 with 46.4% and 53.8%, respectively. Steps 3 (37.9%) and 7 (75.0%) had the highest percentages of disagreement or contradiction. Conclusions: there is proper information on the internet, however, these are mixed with missing, in disagreement, partially in agreement or contradictory information, which reinforces the importance of disseminating the recommendations of the Guide

Resumo Objetivos: analisar a adequação das recomendações sobre alimentação e nutrição de lactentes disponíveis em websites populares em relação aos "Doze passos para uma alimentação saudável" descritos no Guia alimentar para crianças brasileiras menores de dois anos. Métodos: websites populares foram buscados via plataforma Google para coleta de dados relativos às recomendações sobre alimentação de lactentes. As informações foram categorizadas segundo critérios desenvolvidos em relação à consonância com o Guia em: totalmente de acordo, parcialmente de acordo, em desacordo, contraditórias e ausentes. Os websites foram descritos e apresentados segundo frequência de cada passo e a distribuição segundo as categorias. Resultados: foram incluídos 82 websites. Passos mais presentes: 1 (84,1%), 2 (82,9%) e 4 (63,4%); passos menos presentes: 8 (23,2%), 10 (19,5%), 11 (3,7%) e 12 (1,2%). Os maiores percentuais de adequação em relação ao Guia foram os passos 1 e 4 com 46,4% e 53,8%, respectivamente. Os passos 3 (37,9%) e 7 (75,0%) apresentaram os maiores percentuais de desacordo ou contradição. Conclusões: identificou-se a presença de informações adequadas na internet, entretanto, estas se misturam com informações ausentes, em desacordo, parcialmente de acordo ou contraditórias, reforçando a importância da disseminação das recomendações do Guia.

Convergent validity and invariance analysis of a scale to measure adherence to eating practices recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. / Validade convergente e análise de invariância de uma escala de adesão a práticas alimentares recomendadas pelo Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the convergent validity and invariance of a scale to measure adherence to eating practices recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. METHODS: A subsample (n=1309) of the NutriNet-Brasil cohort (self-filled web-based study) answered the 24-items scale based on the Guide, as well as socioeconomic and dietary questionnaires. The score in the scale (eGuia) was compared by Spearman's correlation with scores of fresh and minimally processed foods (eG1) and ultra-processed foods (eG4) consumption, both composed of the average number of food items consumed in three random days. Correlations' direction and strength were observed to infer convergent validity. A multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess scale invariance at the configural, factorial and metric levels, between subgroups of sex (men/women), age (≤37/>37, being 37 the median) and years of schooling (≤11/>11). The model was invariant when the goodness-of-fit indices varied within acceptable ranges compared to the previous level. RESULTS: Participants were on average 39 years old (sd=13.7), 53% were women and 69% had more than 11 years of education. Correlations between eGuia and eG1, and between eGuia and eG4 were 0.56 and -0.51 (p<0.001), respectively. In all sociodemographic groups, the goodness-of-fit indices varied within acceptable ranges. CONCLUSION: The correlations show that the eating practices measured by the scale are aligned with a healthy food consumption, showing its convergent validity. In this sample, the scale measured the same dimensions, showed equivalence of items' factor loadings, and generated comparable scores between subgroups of sex, age, and education.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a validade convergente e a invariância de uma escala de adesão a práticas alimentares recomendadas pelo Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. MÉTODOS: Uma subamostra (n=1.309) da coorte NutriNet-Brasil (estudo online autopreenchido) respondeu à escala baseada no guia (24 itens) e a questionários socioeconômicos e alimentares. O escore na escala (eGuia) foi comparado por meio de correlação de Spearman a escores de consumo de alimentos in natura e minimamente processados (eG1) e ultraprocessados (eG4), compostos do número médio de alimentos desses grupos consumidos em três dias aleatórios. Para inferência de validade convergente, observaram-se o sentido e a magnitude das correlações. Empregou-se análise fatorial confirmatória com múltiplos grupos para avaliar a invariância nos níveis configural, fatorial e escalar, entre subgrupos de sexo (homens/mulheres), idade (≤37/>37, sendo 37 a mediana) e anos de estudo (≤11/>11). Considerou-se o modelo invariante quando os índices de ajuste variaram nos limites aceitáveis ante o nível anterior. RESULTADOS: Os participantes tinham em média 39 anos (desvio padrão ­ DP=13,7), 53% eram mulheres e 69% tinham mais de 11 anos de estudo. As correlações entre eGuia e eG1 e eGuia e eG4 foram 0,56 e -0,51 (p<0,001), respectivamente. Em todos os subgrupos, os índices de ajuste variaram nos limites aceitáveis. CONCLUSÃO: As correlações mostram que as práticas alimentares medidas pela escala estão associadas ao consumo alimentar saudável, demonstrando validade convergente. Nessa amostra, a escala mediu as mesmas dimensões, apresentou equivalência nas cargas fatoriais dos itens e gerou escores comparáveis entre diferentes subgrupos de sexo, idade e escolaridade.

Food consumption markers and associated factors in Brazil: distribution and evolution, Brazilian National Health Survey, 2013 and 2019.

This study objective was to describe the distribution of food consumption markers in Brazil per sociodemographic characteristics and its evolution from 2013 to 2019. Healthy food consumption markers (regular consumption of beans, fruits, vegetables, and fish, recommended consumption of red meat, and never replacing meals with snacks) and unhealthy food consumption markers (regular consumption of sweetened beverages and confectionery and excessive salt intake) were studied for adult participants of the Brazilian National Health Survey. The prevalence of food consumption markers was estimated according to sociodemographic characteristics and compared to data of 2013 and 2019. Most of the population regularly consumes beans, fruits, and vegetables, they also follows the recommendation to limit red meat consumption, and never replaces meals with snacks. The percentage of people who regularly consume sweetened beverages and perceive their salt intake as excessive is relatively low. The distribution of food consumption markers was associated with sex, age, income, race/skin color, area of dwelling, and schooling level. From 2013 to 2019, the prevalence of most food consumption markers declined, except for the regular consumption of fruits and recommended consumption of red meat, that increased 8.5% and 18.5%, respectively, and the regular consumption of vegetables, which did not vary. Healthy and unhealthy food consumption markers should be monitored to evaluate the effect of healthy eating policies implemented in the country.

Development and validation of an instrument to assess Brazilians' knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors toward salt and sodium.

This study aimed to develop and validate an instrument to assess Brazilian adults' knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors (KPB) toward salt and sodium. Based on a PAHO/WHO questionnaire, a new instrument was developed and evaluated by 11 experts, generating item and scale-level content validity indexes (I-CVI and S-CVI, respectively). Face validity was verified through a focus group with eight participants, followed by an operational test with 36 interviewees. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to determine the construct validity, and Cronbach's α coefficient was calculated to analyze instrument's reliability, using data collected via telephone from a probabilistic sample of 422 adults. The generated solutions were analyzed from theoretical and statistical significance perspectives, which supported the determination of the best model. Remaining items were scored, with higher scores related to healthier practices. A descriptive analysis was performed considering the data from the 422-adult sample. I-CVIs (0.73-1), S-CVIs (0.93; 0.97) and the interviewees' analysis indicated that items are representative and clear, in addition to being suitable for application to the target audience. Tests confirmed sample adequacy to perform the EFA (KMO = 0.82; Bartlett's sphericity test, p < .001). The final validated model, with 16 items, sufficiently explained the variance and presented good reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.81; 95% CI 0.79 - 0.84). Women, older individuals, and with higher education had significantly higher scores, regardless of chronic diseases diagnosis (p < .001). This instrument is ready to be applied and easily reproduced, contributing to the assessment of KPB toward salt and sodium in Brazil.

Characterization of barriers and facilitators for adequate and healthy eating in the consumer's food environment. / Caracterização das barreiras e facilitadores para alimentação adequada e saudável no ambiente alimentar do consumidor.

This study aims to explore potential barriers and facilitators for healthy eating in the consumer food environment, and to analyze the association with different types of food retailers, having as theoretical reference the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. This is a cross-sectional study carried out in the municipality of Jundiaí, São Paulo State, Brazil, with audits of the consumer food environment carried out in 650 retail stores. We identified barriers and facilitators of healthy food choices in the internal environment of the retail. Factor analysis estimated factors that characterized the environment according to barriers and facilitators. Linear regression evaluated the association between the factors and the different categories of establishments. Most establishments had priority sales of ultra-processed products. Out of the total food retailers studied, 75.9% offered sugary drinks; 37% rice, beans and 30% fruits and vegetables. We characterized the first factor by the presence of both barriers and facilitators (mixed factor), the second factor by more facilitators and the third by greater presence of barriers in the consumer environment. Supermarkets were positively associated with the three factors (p-value < 0.001). The fruit and vegetable stores and the neighborhood markets had a positive association with the most facilitating factor (p-value < 0.001). Markets and bakeries were positively associated with the more barriers factor (p-value < 0.001). The patterns that characterize barriers and facilitators for healthy eating differ significantly according to types of food retailers.

O objetivo deste trabalho é explorar potenciais barreiras e facilitadores para alimentação saudável no ambiente alimentar do consumidor e analisar a associação com diferentes tipos de estabelecimentos comerciais tendo como referencial teórico o Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. Estudo transversal realizado no Município de Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brasil, com auditoria do ambiente alimentar do consumidor realizada em 650 comércios varejistas. Foram identificados barreiras e facilitadores das escolhas alimentares saudáveis no ambiente interno dos comércios. Análise fatorial foi utilizada para estimar fatores que caracterizassem o ambiente segundo barreiras e facilitadores. Regressão linear foi utilizada para avaliar a associação entre os fatores e as diferentes categorias de estabelecimentos. A maioria dos estabelecimentos tinham venda prioritária de ultraprocessados. Do total de comércios estudados, 75,9% disponibilizavam bebidas açucaradas; 37% arroz, feijão e 30% frutas e hortaliças. O primeiro fator caracterizou-se pela presença tanto de barreiras quanto de facilitadores (fator misto), o segundo fator caracterizou-se por mais facilitadores e o terceiro por maior presença de barreiras no ambiente do consumidor. Supermercados foram associados positivamente com os três fatores (valor de p < 0,001). Os sacolões/hortifrutis públicos e privados, os mercados de bairro tiveram associação positiva com o fator mais facilitadores (valor de p < 0,001). Os mercados e padarias se associaram positivamente ao fator mais barreiras (valor de p < 0,001). Os padrões que caracterizam barreiras e facilitadores para alimentação saudável diferem de forma significativa segundo tipos de comércios.

El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar potenciales barreras y facilitadores para la alimentación saludable en el ambiente alimentario del consumidor, y analizar la asociación con diferentes tipos de establecimientos comerciales, teniendo como referencia teórica la Guía Alimentaria para la Población Brasileña. Estudio transversal realizado en el Municipio de Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brasil, con auditoría del ambiente alimentario del consumidor, realizada en 650 tiendas minoristas. Se identificaron barreras y facilitadores de las elecciones alimentarias saludables en el ambiente interno de los comercios. El análisis factorial se utilizó para estimar factores que caracterizasen el ambiente según barreras y facilitadores. La regresión lineal se usó para evaluar la asociación entre los factores y las diferentes categorías de establecimientos. La mayoría de los establecimientos tenía una venta prioritaria de ultraprocesados. Del total de comercios estudiados, un 75,9% tenían disponibles bebidas azucaradas; 37% arroz, frijoles y 30% frutas y hortalizas. El primer factor se caracterizó por la presencia tanto de barreras, como de facilitadores (factor mixto), el segundo se caracterizó por más facilitadores y el tercero por una mayor presencia de barreras en el ambiente del consumidor. Los supermercados fueron asociados positivamente con los tres factores (valor de p < 0,001). Las fruterías/verdulerías públicas y privadas, los mercados de barrio presentaron una asociación positiva con el factor más facilitadores (valor de p < 0,001). Los mercados y panaderías se asociaron positivamente con el factor más barreras (valor de p < 0,001). Los patrones que caracterizan barreras y facilitadores para la alimentación saludable difieren de forma significativa según los tipos de comercios.

Food consumption markers and associated factors in Brazil: distribution and evolution, Brazilian National Health Survey, 2013 and 2019 / Marcadores de consumo alimentar e fatores associados no Brasil: distribuição e evolução, Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013 e 2019 / Marcadores de consumo de alimentos y factores asociados en Brasil: distribución y evolución, Encuesta Nacional de Salud, 2013 and 2019

This study objective was to describe the distribution of food consumption markers in Brazil per sociodemographic characteristics and its evolution from 2013 to 2019. Healthy food consumption markers (regular consumption of beans, fruits, vegetables, and fish, recommended consumption of red meat, and never replacing meals with snacks) and unhealthy food consumption markers (regular consumption of sweetened beverages and confectionery and excessive salt intake) were studied for adult participants of the Brazilian National Health Survey. The prevalence of food consumption markers was estimated according to sociodemographic characteristics and compared to data of 2013 and 2019. Most of the population regularly consumes beans, fruits, and vegetables, they also follows the recommendation to limit red meat consumption, and never replaces meals with snacks. The percentage of people who regularly consume sweetened beverages and perceive their salt intake as excessive is relatively low. The distribution of food consumption markers was associated with sex, age, income, race/skin color, area of dwelling, and schooling level. From 2013 to 2019, the prevalence of most food consumption markers declined, except for the regular consumption of fruits and recommended consumption of red meat, that increased 8.5% and 18.5%, respectively, and the regular consumption of vegetables, which did not vary. Healthy and unhealthy food consumption markers should be monitored to evaluate the effect of healthy eating policies implemented in the country.

O estudo teve como objetivo descrever a distribuição de marcadores de consumo alimentar no Brasil de acordo com características sociodemográficas e sua evolução entre 2013 e 2019. Foram estudados os marcadores de consumo alimentar saudável (consumo regular de feijão, frutas, verduras e peixe, consumo de carne vermelha em níveis recomendados e consumo de refeições em vez de lances) e de consumo alimentar não saudável (consumo regular de bebidas açucaradas e doces e ingestão excessiva de sal) entre os adultos que participaram na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. A prevalência de marcadores de consumo alimentar foi estimada de acordo com as características sociodemográficas e comparada com os dados entre 2013 e 2019. A maioria da população relata consumo regular de feijão, frutas e verduras, segue a recomendação de limitar o consumo de carne vermelha e nunca substituir refeições por lanches. É relativamente baixa a proporção de pessoas que consome bebidas açucaradas regularmente e que relata alta ingestão de sal. A distribuição de marcadores de consumo alimentar esteve associada a gênero, idade, raça/cor, área de residência e escolaridade. Entre 2013 e 2019, diminuiu a prevalência da maioria dos marcadores de consumo alimentar, exceto do consumo regular de frutas e do consumo recomendado de carne vermelha, que aumentaram em 8,5% e 18,5%, respectivamente, e do consumo regular de verduras, que não variou. Os alimentos marcadores de consumo saudável e não saudável devem ser monitorados para avaliar o efeito das políticas de alimentação saudável no país.

El objetivo del estudio fue describir la distribución de los marcadores de consumo de alimentos en Brasil, según sus características sociodemográficas y su evolución de 2013 a 2019. Se estudiaron los marcadores de consumo de comida saludable (consumo regular de frijoles, frutas, verduras, pescado, consumo recomendado de carne roja y nunca sustituir comidas por aperitivos) y marcadores de comida no saludable (consumo regular de bebidas azucaradas, repostería y consumo de sal percibido como excesivo) entre adultos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud. La prevalencia de los marcadores de consumo de alimentos se estimó según características sociodemográficas y se comparó la prevalencia de los años 2013 y 2019. Una gran parte de la población regularmente consume frijoles, frutas y verduras y cumple la recomendación del consumo de carne roja, además, nunca sustituye comidas por aperitivos. El porcentaje de gente que regularmente consume bebidas azucaradas y percibe su consumo de sal como excesivo es relativamente más bajo. La distribución de los marcadores de consumo de alimentos estuvo asociada con sexo, edad, ingresos, raza/color de piel, lugar de residencia y nivel educativo. Desde 2013 a 2019, la prevalencia de la mayoría de los marcadores de consumo de alimentos decayó, excepto en el caso del consumo regular de frutas y consumo recomendado de carne roja, que se incrementó en un 8,5% y 18,5% respectivamente, al igual que el consumo regular de verduras, que no varió. La supervisión de los marcadores de consumo de las comidas sanas e insanas puede ser útil para evaluar el impacto de políticas de promoción de la comida sana implementadas en el país.

Validade convergente e análise de invariância de uma escala de adesão a práticas alimentares recomendadas pelo Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira / Convergent validity and invariance analysis of a scale to measure adherence to eating practices recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar a validade convergente e a invariância de uma escala de adesão a práticas alimentares recomendadas pelo Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. Métodos: Uma subamostra (n=1.309) da coorte NutriNet-Brasil (estudo online autopreenchido) respondeu à escala baseada no guia (24 itens) e a questionários socioeconômicos e alimentares. O escore na escala (eGuia) foi comparado por meio de correlação de Spearman a escores de consumo de alimentos in natura e minimamente processados (eG1) e ultraprocessados (eG4), compostos do número médio de alimentos desses grupos consumidos em três dias aleatórios. Para inferência de validade convergente, observaram-se o sentido e a magnitude das correlações. Empregou-se análise fatorial confirmatória com múltiplos grupos para avaliar a invariância nos níveis configural, fatorial e escalar, entre subgrupos de sexo (homens/mulheres), idade (≤37/>37, sendo 37 a mediana) e anos de estudo (≤11/>11). Considerou-se o modelo invariante quando os índices de ajuste variaram nos limites aceitáveis ante o nível anterior. Resultados: Os participantes tinham em média 39 anos (desvio padrão — DP=13,7), 53% eram mulheres e 69% tinham mais de 11 anos de estudo. As correlações entre eGuia e eG1 e eGuia e eG4 foram 0,56 e -0,51 (p<0,001), respectivamente. Em todos os subgrupos, os índices de ajuste variaram nos limites aceitáveis. Conclusão: As correlações mostram que as práticas alimentares medidas pela escala estão associadas ao consumo alimentar saudável, demonstrando validade convergente. Nessa amostra, a escala mediu as mesmas dimensões, apresentou equivalência nas cargas fatoriais dos itens e gerou escores comparáveis entre diferentes subgrupos de sexo, idade e escolaridade.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze the convergent validity and invariance of a scale to measure adherence to eating practices recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. Methods: A subsample (n=1309) of the NutriNet-Brasil cohort (self-filled web-based study) answered the 24-items scale based on the Guide, as well as socioeconomic and dietary questionnaires. The score in the scale (eGuia) was compared by Spearman's correlation with scores of fresh and minimally processed foods (eG1) and ultra-processed foods (eG4) consumption, both composed of the average number of food items consumed in three random days. Correlations' direction and strength were observed to infer convergent validity. A multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess scale invariance at the configural, factorial and metric levels, between subgroups of sex (men/women), age (≤37/>37, being 37 the median) and years of schooling (≤11/>11). The model was invariant when the goodness-of-fit indices varied within acceptable ranges compared to the previous level. Results: Participants were on average 39 years old (sd=13.7), 53% were women and 69% had more than 11 years of education. Correlations between eGuia and eG1, and between eGuia and eG4 were 0.56 and -0.51 (p<0.001), respectively. In all sociodemographic groups, the goodness-of-fit indices varied within acceptable ranges. Conclusion: The correlations show that the eating practices measured by the scale are aligned with a healthy food consumption, showing its convergent validity. In this sample, the scale measured the same dimensions, showed equivalence of items' factor loadings, and generated comparable scores between subgroups of sex, age, and education.

Implementation of food-based dietary guidelines: conceptual framework and analysis of the Brazilian case.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a conceptual framework of the process of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) implementation and analyse Brazil's employed measures to implement dietary guidelines for the Brazilian population (2014). DESIGN: Qualitative research. SETTING: Aiming to develop the conceptual framework, a literature review on FBDG implementation was carried out. Both documents scoped within the macropolitical sphere and scientific articles were reviewed. In the case study, measures took in Brazil were identified through a search on institutional websites and technical management reports of government sectors were responsible for FBDG implementation in the country. PARTICIPANTS: This study does not involve humans. RESULTS: The new conceptual framework frames FBDG implementation as a part of a larger set of intersectoral public policies to promote healthy eating and highlights two main implementation ways: educational materials and public policies. Brazil has a range of policies to promote healthy eating guided by the perspective of food as a right. Most of the implemented measures focussed on the concept of 'FBDG as educational materials,' although the recommendations have also been implemented in public policies. CONCLUSION: The FBDG implementation should be carried out in an integrated manner with multi-sector involvement. The Brazilian's case analysis can be helpful to decision makers in food policy across the globe be inspired by the Brazilian efforts, considering that the Brazilian FBDG was one of the firsts to have adopted a multidimensional paradigm of healthy eating, including diet sustainability.

Nova score for the consumption of ultra-processed foods: description and performance evaluation in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the Nova score for the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) and evaluate its potential in reflecting the dietary share of UPF in Brazil. METHODS: This study was conducted in São Paulo with a convenience sample of 300 adults. Using a tablet, participants answered a 3-minute electronic self-report questionnaire on the consumption of 23 subgroups of UPF commonly consumed in Brazil, regarding the day prior the survey. Each participant score corresponded to the number of subgroups reported. The dietary share of UPF on the day prior to the survey, expressed as a percentage of total energy intake, was calculated based on data collected on a 30-minute complete 24-hour dietary recall administered by trained nutritionists. The association between the score and the dietary share of UPF was evaluated using linear regression models. The Pabak index was used to assess the agreement in participants' classification according to the fifths of Nova score and the fifths of dietary share of UPF. RESULTS: The average dietary share of UPF increased linearly and significantly with the increase of the Nova score for the consumption of ultra-processed foods. We found a substantial agreement in participants' classification according to the fifths of the distribution of scores and the fifths of the dietary share of UPF (Pabak index = 0.67). Age was inversely associated with a relatively high frequency of UPF consumption (upper fifth of the distribution) for both score and dietary share of UPF. CONCLUSION: The Nova score for the consumption of ultra-processed foods, obtained in a quick and practical manner, shows a good potential in reflecting the dietary share of UPF in Brazil.

Consumer Food Environment Healthiness Score: Development, Validation, and Testing between Different Types of Food Retailers.

The aim of this study was to develop and validate a scoring system, based on AUDITNOVA, to assess the healthiness of the consumer food environment, considering food availability, price, advertising, and placement strategies. Audited data of 650 food retailers were used to develop, validate, and test the consumer food environment healthiness score. To compose the score, the reference was the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. The total and subscores were standardized for a scale from 0 to 100. Construct validity was assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis Dunn tests. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were calculated to determine the consistency of the scores. The median score was 33.7 (p25 = 26.9; p75 = 42.1). The public and private specialized indoor fresh food markets showed the highest medians; otherwise, bakeries and food retailers with the predominant sale of ultra-processed foods showed the lowest. The score was able to satisfactorily classify the extreme food retailer groups by the predominant sale of fresh or minimally processed foods and the predominant sale of ultra-processed foods. The results of Cronbach's alpha showed excellent internal consistency (α = 0.91). The score helped to provide an overall assessment of consumer food environment healthiness and was able to classify food retailer groups as healthy and unhealthy according to the degree of processing of the available foods.

Nova score for the consumption of ultra-processed foods: description and performance evaluation in Brazil / Escore Nova de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados: descrição e avaliação de desempenho no Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the Nova score for the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) and evaluate its potential in reflecting the dietary share of UPF in Brazil. METHODS This study was conducted in São Paulo with a convenience sample of 300 adults. Using a tablet, participants answered a 3-minute electronic self-report questionnaire on the consumption of 23 subgroups of UPF commonly consumed in Brazil, regarding the day prior the survey. Each participant score corresponded to the number of subgroups reported. The dietary share of UPF on the day prior to the survey, expressed as a percentage of total energy intake, was calculated based on data collected on a 30-minute complete 24-hour dietary recall administered by trained nutritionists. The association between the score and the dietary share of UPF was evaluated using linear regression models. The Pabak index was used to assess the agreement in participants' classification according to the fifths of Nova score and the fifths of dietary share of UPF. RESULTS The average dietary share of UPF increased linearly and significantly with the increase of the Nova score for the consumption of ultra-processed foods. We found a substantial agreement in participants' classification according to the fifths of the distribution of scores and the fifths of the dietary share of UPF (Pabak index = 0.67). Age was inversely associated with a relatively high frequency of UPF consumption (upper fifth of the distribution) for both score and dietary share of UPF. CONCLUSION The Nova score for the consumption of ultra-processed foods, obtained in a quick and practical manner, shows a good potential in reflecting the dietary share of UPF in Brazil.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever o escore Nova de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e avaliar seu potencial para refletir, no contexto brasileiro, a participação desses alimentos na dieta. MÉTODOS Estudo realizado na cidade de São Paulo com amostra de conveniência de 300 adultos, que responderam, em cerca de três minutos, em um tablet, a um questionário eletrônico de autorrelato sobre o consumo, no dia anterior, de 23 subgrupos de alimentos ultraprocessados comumente consumidos no Brasil. O escore de cada participante correspondeu ao número de subgrupos reportados. A participação de alimentos ultraprocessados no consumo alimentar do mesmo dia, expressa como percentual da ingestão total de energia, foi calculada por meio das respostas dos participantes a recordatório alimentar completo de 24 horas aplicado em cerca de 30 minutos por nutricionistas treinados. A associação entre o escore e a participação de ultraprocessados na dieta foi estudada por modelos de regressão linear. A concordância na classificação dos participantes segundo quintos do escore e quintos da participação de alimentos ultraprocessados na dieta foi avaliada pelo índice Pabak. RESULTADOS O percentual médio de participação de alimentos ultraprocessados na dieta aumentou linear e significativamente com o aumento do escore Nova de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. Observou-se concordância substancial na classificação dos participantes segundo quintos da distribuição do escore e quintos da distribuição do percentual de participação de alimentos ultraprocessados na dieta (índice Pabak = 0,67). Relação inversa da idade com a frequência de consumo relativamente elevado de alimentos ultraprocessados (quinto superior da distribuição) foi observada tanto para o escore quanto para a participação de alimentos ultraprocessados na dieta. CONCLUSÃO O escore Nova de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, obtido de forma rápida e prática, apresenta bom potencial para refletir, no contexto brasileiro, a participação desses alimentos na dieta.

Dietary changes in the NutriNet Brasil cohort during the covid-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the dietary characteristics of participants in the NutriNet Brasil cohort immediately before and during the covid-19 pandemic. METHODS: Our data stem from an adult cohort created to prospectively investigate the relationship between diet and morbidity and mortality from chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil. For this study, we selected the first participants (n = 10,116) who answered twice to a simplified questionnaire on their diet the day before, the first time when entering the study, between January 26 and February 15, 2020, and the second between May 10 and 19, 2020. The questionnaire inquiries about the consumption of healthy (vegetables, fruits and legumes) and unhealthy (ultra-processed foods) eating markers. Comparisons of indicators based on the consumption of these markers before and during the pandemic are presented for the study population and according to gender, age group, macro-region of residence and schooling. Chi-square tests and t-tests were used to compare proportions and means, respectively, adopting p < 0.05 to identify significant differences. RESULTS: For all participants, we found a modest but statistically significant increase in the consumption of healthy eating markers and stability in the consumption of unhealthy food markers. This favorable pattern of dietary changes during the pandemic occurred in most sociodemographic strata. We observed a less favorable changing pattern, with a tendency to increasing consumption of healthy and unhealthy food markers, in the Northeast and North macro-regions and among people with less schooling, suggesting social inequalities in the response to the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: If confirmed, the trend of increased consumption of ultra-processed foods in underdeveloped regions and by people with less schooling is concerning, as eating these foods increases the risk of obesity, hypertension and diabetes, whose presence increases the severity and lethality of covid-19.

Changes in the diet in the NutriNet Brasil cohort under COVID-19 / Mudanças na alimentação na coorte NutriNet Brasil na vigência da COVID-19

Objective: To describe the characteristics of the diet of the NutriNet Brasil cohort participants immediately before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The data in this study come from an adult cohort created to prospectively investigate the relationship between food consumption and morbi-mortality from chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil. For this study, we selected the first participants (n = 10,116) who answered twice a simplified questionnaire about their food consumption on the previous day, the first upon entering the study, between 26 January and 15 February 2020, and the second between May 10 and 19, 2020. The questionnaire asks about the consumption of healthy (vegetables, fruits and legumes) and unhealthy (ultra-processed foods) food markers. Comparisons of indicators based on the consumption of these markers before and during the pandemic are presented for the overall population and according to sex, age group, macroregion of residence and education. Chi-square and t-tests were used to compare proportions and means, respectively, adopting p <0.05 to identify significant differences. Results: For the whole sample, a modest but statistically significant increase was found in the consumption of healthy food markers and stability in the consumption of unhealthy food markers. This favorable pattern of changes in diet with the pandemic was repeated in most sociodemographic strata. Less favorable pattern of changes, with a trend to increase the consumption of healthy and unhealthy food markers was observed in the Northeast and North macroregions and among people with less education, suggesting social inequalities in the response to the pandemic. Conclusions: If confirmed, the trend of increasing consumption of ultra-processed foods in less economically developed regions and in people with less education is of concern, as consumption of these foods increases the risk of obesity, hypertension and diabetes, whose presence increases severity and lethality of COVID-19.

Objetivo: Descrever características da alimentação dos participantes da coorte NutriNet Brasil imediatamente antes e na vigência da pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Os dados deste estudo provêm de coorte de adultos criada para investigar prospectivamente a relação entre alimentação e morbimortalidade por doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis no Brasil. Para este estudo, foram selecionados os primeiros participantes (n=10.116) que responderam por duas vezes questionário simplificado sobre sua alimentação no dia anterior, a primeira ao ingressar no estudo, entre 26 de janeiro e 15 de fevereiro de 2020, e a segunda entre 10 e 19 de maio de 2020. O questionário indaga sobre o consumo de marcadores de alimentação saudável (hortaliças, frutas e leguminosas) e não saudável (alimentos ultraprocessados). Comparações de indicadores baseados no consumo desses marcadores antes e na vigência da pandemia são apresentadas para o conjunto da população estudada e segundo sexo, faixa etária, macrorregião de residência e escolaridade. Testes qui-quadrado e testes t foram utilizados para comparar proporções e médias, respectivamente, adotando-se p <0,05 para identificar diferenças significantes. Resultados: Para o conjunto dos participantes, identificou-se aumento modesto, porém estatisticamente significante, no consumo de marcadores de alimentação saudável e estabilidade no consumo de marcadores de alimentação não saudável. Esse padrão favorável de mudanças na alimentação com a pandemia se repetiu na maior parte dos estratos sociodemográficos. Padrão menos favorável de mudanças, com tendência de aumento no consumo de marcadores de alimentação saudável e não saudável foi observado nas macrorregiões Nordeste e Norte e entre pessoas com menor escolaridade, sugerindo desigualdades sociais na resposta à pandemia. Conclusões: Caso confirmada, a tendência de aumento no consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados nas regiões economicamente menos desenvolvidas e nas pessoas com menor escolaridade preocupa, pois o consumo desses alimentos aumenta o risco de obesidade, hipertensão e diabetes, cuja presença aumenta a gravidade e a letalidade da COVID-19.

Dietary practices in relation to the Dietary guidelines for the brazilian population: associated factors among Brazilian adults, 2018. / Práticas alimentares segundo o Guia alimentar para a população brasileira: fatores associados entre brasileiros adultos, 2018.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the adequacy of dietary practices in relation to the Dietary guidelines for the brazilian population, and to analyze associated factors among Brazilian adults. METHODS: this was a cross-sectional study using a convenience sample of 900 adults (18-60 years old) resident in Brazil; a dietary practices scale (24 items; score 0-72) based on the Guideline recommendations was administered using an online panel; multiple linear regression analysis was used. RESULTS: participants' mean age was 33.5 years and 52.0% of them were women; the mean score on the scale was 36.4 points (SD=8.5); scores were directly associated with age (linear trend p<0.001), and were higher among people from the North-Northeast regions (37.8), compared to those from the Midwest-Southern regions (35.8) (T-test p=0.001). CONCLUSION: the adequacy of dietary practices in keeping with Guideline recommendations was associated with age and region of residence.

Práticas alimentares segundo o Guia alimentar para a população brasileira: fatores associados entre brasileiros adultos, 2018 / Prácticas alimentarias según la Guía alimentaria para la población brasileña: factores asociados entre brasileños adultos, 2018 / Dietary practices in relation to the Dietary guidelines for the brazilian population: associated factors among Brazilian adults, 2018

Objetivo: descrever a adequação de práticas alimentares às recomendações do Guia alimentar para a população brasileira e analisar fatores sociodemográficos associados, entre adultos. Métodos: estudo transversal, com amostra de conveniência de 900 adultos (18-60 anos) residentes no território brasileiro; uma escala de práticas alimentares (24 itens; escore 0-72), baseada nas recomendações do Guia, foi aplicada por meio de um painel on-line; análises de regressão linear múltipla foram empregadas. Resultados: os participantes do estudo tinham, em média, 33,5 anos; 52,2% eram mulheres; o escore médio na escala foi de 36,4 pontos (DP=8,5), e mostrou-se diretamente associado à idade (p tendência linear <0,001), e maior entre indivíduos residentes nas regiões Norte-Nordeste (37,8) comparados aos das regiões Centro-Sul (35,8) (p T-teste=0,001). Conclusão: a adequação das práticas alimentares às recomendações do Guia esteve diretamente associada à idade, e foi maior entre indivíduos das regiões Norte e Nordeste do país.

Objetivo: describir la adecuación de las prácticas alimentarias a la 'Guía alimentaria para la población brasileña' y analizar la asociación con variables sociodemográficas entre adultos brasileños. Métodos: se aplicó una escala (24 ítems; score 0-72) basada en las recomendaciones de la Guía a una muestra por conveniencia de 900 adultos que viven en territorio brasileño (panel online); también se obtuvieron datos de género, lugar de residencia, nivel socioeconómico y edad; se efectuaron los análisis estadísticos con regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados: la edad promedio de los participantes fue de 33,5 años; el 52,0% era mujeres; el score promedio fue de 36,4 (SD=8,5); la puntuación se asoció directamente con la edad (p tendencia lineal <0,001) y fue mayor entre las personas del Norte-Nordeste (37,8) que entre las del Centro-Sur (35,8) del país (p T-test=0,001). Conclusión: la adecuación de las prácticas alimentarias a la Guía fue asociada a la edad y a la región de residencia de los individuos.

Objective: to describe the adequacy of dietary practices in relation to the Dietary guidelines for the brazilian population, and to analyze associated factors among Brazilian adults. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study using a convenience sample of 900 adults (18-60 years old) resident in Brazil; a dietary practices scale (24 items; score 0-72) based on the Guideline recommendations was administered using an online panel; multiple linear regression analysis was used. Results: participants' mean age was 33.5 years and 52.0% of them were women; the mean score on the scale was 36.4 points (SD=8.5); scores were directly associated with age (linear trend p<0.001), and were higher among people from the North-Northeast regions (37.8), compared to those from the Midwest-Southern regions (35.8) (T-test p=0.001). Conclusion: the adequacy of dietary practices in keeping with Guideline recommendations was associated with age and region of residence.

Dietary changes in the NutriNet Brasil cohort during the covid-19 pandemic / Mudanças alimentares na coorte NutriNet Brasil durante a pandemia de covid-19

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the dietary characteristics of participants in the NutriNet Brasil cohort immediately before and during the covid-19 pandemic. METHODS Our data stem from an adult cohort created to prospectively investigate the relationship between diet and morbidity and mortality from chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazil. For this study, we selected the first participants (n = 10,116) who answered twice to a simplified questionnaire on their diet the day before, the first time when entering the study, between January 26 and February 15, 2020, and the second between May 10 and 19, 2020. The questionnaire inquiries about the consumption of healthy (vegetables, fruits and legumes) and unhealthy (ultra-processed foods) eating markers. Comparisons of indicators based on the consumption of these markers before and during the pandemic are presented for the study population and according to gender, age group, macro-region of residence and schooling. Chi-square tests and t-tests were used to compare proportions and means, respectively, adopting p < 0.05 to identify significant differences. RESULTS For all participants, we found a modest but statistically significant increase in the consumption of healthy eating markers and stability in the consumption of unhealthy food markers. This favorable pattern of dietary changes during the pandemic occurred in most sociodemographic strata. We observed a less favorable changing pattern, with a tendency to increasing consumption of healthy and unhealthy food markers, in the Northeast and North macro-regions and among people with less schooling, suggesting social inequalities in the response to the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS If confirmed, the trend of increased consumption of ultra-processed foods in underdeveloped regions and by people with less schooling is concerning, as eating these foods increases the risk of obesity, hypertension and diabetes, whose presence increases the severity and lethality of covid-19.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever características da alimentação dos participantes da coorte NutriNet Brasil imediatamente antes e na vigência da pandemia de covid-19. MÉTODOS Os dados deste estudo provêm de coorte de adultos criada para investigar prospectivamente a relação entre alimentação e morbimortalidade por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis no Brasil. Para este estudo, foram selecionados os primeiros participantes (n = 10.116) que responderam por duas vezes a questionário simplificado sobre sua alimentação no dia anterior, a primeira vez ao ingressar no estudo, entre 26 de janeiro e 15 de fevereiro de 2020, e a segunda entre 10 e 19 de maio de 2020. O questionário indaga sobre o consumo de marcadores de alimentação saudável (hortaliças, frutas e leguminosas) e não saudável (alimentos ultraprocessados). Comparações de indicadores baseados no consumo desses marcadores antes e na vigência da pandemia são apresentadas para o conjunto da população estudada e segundo sexo, faixa etária, macrorregião de residência e escolaridade. Testes qui-quadrado e testes t foram utilizados para comparar proporções e médias, respectivamente, adotando-se p < 0,05 para identificar diferenças significantes. RESULTADOS Para o conjunto dos participantes, identificou-se aumento modesto, porém estatisticamente significante, no consumo de marcadores de alimentação saudável e estabilidade no consumo de marcadores de alimentação não saudável. Esse padrão favorável de mudanças na alimentação com a pandemia se repetiu na maior parte dos estratos sociodemográficos. Padrão menos favorável de mudanças, com tendência de aumento no consumo de marcadores de alimentação saudável e não saudável, foi observado nas macrorregiões Nordeste e Norte e entre pessoas com menor escolaridade, sugerindo desigualdades sociais na resposta à pandemia. CONCLUSÕES Caso confirmada, a tendência de aumento no consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados nas regiões economicamente menos desenvolvidas e por pessoas com menor escolaridade preocupa, pois a ingestão desses alimentos eleva o risco de obesidade, hipertensão e diabetes, cuja presença aumenta a gravidade e a letalidade da covid-19.

Development and testing of a scale to evaluate diet according to the recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and test a scale for healthy eating practices measurement according to the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population recommendations. DESIGN: Methodological study. The current Brazilian food-based dietary guideline highlights the importance of choosing foods, combining foods to create meals and modes of eating. These recommendations formed the main domains of the scale and served as a basis for the development of ninety-six items, each with a 4-point Likert response option. Content and face validity were tested. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed to determine construct validity. Internal consistency was determined using α and ω coefficients, and reproducibility was tested using test-retest. SETTING: Brazil.ParticipantsA ten-member expert panel was used to assess content validity. Adults aged 18-60 years were included in the face validity (n 20), EFA (n 352), CFA and reliability tests (n 900). RESULTS: Of the ninety-six initial items, twenty-four were excluded and fifty-five were reworded following the content and face validations. EFA detected a four-domain structure (Food choices, Modes of eating, Planning and Domestic organization), which explained 41 % of the variance. CFA led to a final twenty-four-item model with acceptable goodness-of-fit indices and good reliability measures (α=0·77; ω=0·83). Intraclass correlation coefficient for the total score (0·82) and analysis of the Bland-Altman plot suggested good reproducibility of the scale. CONCLUSIONS: The scale presents good evidence of validity and reliability. This innovative study created a useful tool for evaluation of the impact of the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population.